They are designed as a trading tool, helping traders to spot opportunities. They can be communicated via a range of methods — email, SMS or from a live signal website or group.

Much of the irresponsible marketing associated with binary scams is linked to signals — or auto trading robots utilising them. There are some very good providers out there too. However, in general, learning how to trade binaries is a safer route than using signals to compensate for a lack of trading knowledge.

Sometimes, but rarely in isolation. Some providers deliver a combination of education alongside signals and that represents a good mix.

Traders must be able to fully assess a signal before they can judge the quality of them. We also highlight some of the best providers on the signals page. A binary option can be used in a number of ways, and across a huge array of commodities and markets.

This means finding the best dealer, best account, or best trading platform, really depends on the needs of the individual investor. For example, some brokers may focus on forex foreign exchange and trading the Japanese Yen, Euro or sterling.

Others may be strong on commodities and only offer a handful of FX markets. White label platform providers such as SpotOption, Tradologic or TechFinancials also dictate what products the host site can offer, so a proprietary broker with a bespoke design might be preferable. Payment methods merit some thought — if traders want to use Skrill, Paypal, Neteller or Wire transfer, they need to check the broker delivers that.

Mobile trading apps delivered by brokers or binary agents can vary in quality too. Some specifically program for the features of specific models, like iPad or iPhone. Others ensure cross platform compatibility, catering for android, blackberry and windows tablets and devices. Some traders may have tailored demands for any hand held app, others less so. Trade size limits may point some investors either to, or away from, certain trading accounts.

Some brokers offer minimum trades of just £1, while others cater for investors willing to invest £, in a single trade. So every investor needs to consider their own trading style before deciding to open an account. Our comparison table delivers a quick summary of the key points when comparing brokers.

Our detailed reviews then allow potential new users to assess some of the finer points that might confirm their decision. Here is a list of some of the vital comparison points for brokers;. Some points might be more important to certain traders than others. A speculator taking a position on the monetary policy of the Bank of England or ECB might be best served by one broker, while the person looking to bet on growth in the Apple, Facebook or Vodafone share price might want another.

Most top brokers offer demo trading accounts. These allow new clients to try the services on offer. They can see if the range of markets and investment scales suit them and only proceed to a funded account when they are happy that the right trading account has been found. Those brokers that do provide practise or virtual balances, have confidence in their trading platform. They are prepared to let new traders see it, and try it out, risk free.

The majority of these demonstration accounts will work on both the website, and also the mobile app. Both systems can be checked before making a deposit.

This type of account allows the user to not just trial the broker, but also use the demo account to try a new trading strategy, or even back test a strategy based on past financial data. All without risking any of your own cash or wealth. Our broker reviews are written after genuine trading on each platform, brand, or white label. They include all aspects of each provider — good or bad.

The credibility of the reviews is important to us. So they are checked and updated regularly and feedback we receive forms part of the overall rating. In order for binary trading to move into the financial mainstream, comparison services need to be open, honest and transparent — and that is what we try and deliver in our broker reviews.

Binary brokers are regulated via a number of bodies. CySec regulate the majority of brokers based in Cyprus and Israel. European regulation however, allows providers to serve British clients. In the UK however, a stronger layer of consumer protection is available if a broker is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority FCA. Some firms also register with the FCA — but this is not the same as regulation.

This is an important distinction. In the US the CFTC have only licensed two brokers to operate there — Nadex and CBOE. In Australia, ASIC Australian Securities and Investments Commission oversee brokerages. Some firms are also regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority, or the Isle of Man GSC. In Europe, an organisation called ESMA European Securities and Markets Authority also suggest legislation or regulatory guidelines that the majority of domestic regulators adhere to.

They recently suggested that binary options should be prohibited to retail investors — though this policy is rather ill-thought out and out dated.

Such changes will punish honest regulated brokers, leaving the dishonest scams to continue operating. Regulated brokers offer greater levels of consumer confidence than unregulated firms. They are obliged to retain trader funds in separate accounts, and not in company accounts.

They must provide a dispute process for customers, and treat clients equitably and fairly. In addition, regulated firms can only market in a responsible way, and in regions where trading is permitted. Responsible brokers welcome regulation as a way to increase levels of consumer trust. Copy trading is a growing sector of investing.

It allows users to copy the trades of others. Those copying decide how much to invest, and whether to copy some or all of the trades that a particular trader or tipster opens. The traders being copied also benefit, as the broker will often reward these clients through commission, or increased income revenue and profits based on the trade volume they generate. When copying however, time and effort spent finding the right traders to follow will pay dividends.

Social trading is similar, but is more geared towards social media style info sharing. They were initially only available to large scale investors — institutions, wealthy individuals and funds. In however, the US Securities and Exchange Commission allowed these fixed return options to be traded over an exchange.

This allowed the Chicago Board Options Exchange CBOE and the American Stock Exchange to offer binary trading on certain underlying assets. Initially, the range of assets was limited, as were the choice of options. Nadex also began offering exchange traded options matching buyers and sellers in the US as the market developed.

As popularity and commerce grew however, the traded assets moved beyond Forex and equities and the option types expanded as well. The barriers to entry for potential market makers or brokers are much lower in the binary sector.

This, coupled with the boom in internet trading over a similar period, has left regulation lagging behind the industry. The growth of binaries however, is unlikely to slow. The simplicity, coupled with the clarity of risk, allows almost anyone to take a view on a particular asset but manage their risk much more easily than versus contracts for difference or stocks purchases.

In order to learn binary options, traders have a wealth of learning opportunities and courses. Each trader is different, results will alter from different methods of learning. Some may prefer a pdf file or spreadsheet on the subject, while others will learn most from diving in and getting some hands on experience. Here are a selection on learning methods:.

Brokers are keen to give traders the confidence to start trading — and many offer some or all of the above for potential new clients to learn about binary options, generally for free. Some tools are only made available once a trader has registered — this is purely so the broker has some contact details for things like trading seminars or web based demonstrations.

A great way to learn binary options is via an online demonstration or seminar. Some brokers offer weekly seminars, some in a range of languages. Other firms will offer one on one training, but generally require a deposit beforehand. Some traders benefit from downloading an eBook tutorial, and learning about binary options at their own pace.

One note of caution, is that each broker will focus on their own trading platform and quotes for some of the explanations and screen shots. Brokers want new traders to use their services.

The good news is that while the look and feel of some trading platforms will differ, the underlying functions are the same — so the knowledge is transferable easily. We list the best here. Video tutorials are the most popular learning method. Some brokers do make more effort than others though, and viewers may also be presented with the same video at different brokers — only the voiceover has changed! There are however, some very good suites of videos available, and they are viewable without registering.

We have embedded a video from IQ Option which introduces their trading platform and online binary trading. They offer a full range of videos on their site. Firms constantly update their training portfolio, so there is no clear winner in this category. Brokers want to encourage trading, so they make it very easy for traders to learn the basics. More advanced information is harder to come by from brokers — but hopefully the strategy and technical analysis pages on this website assist.

Below are some of the questions and topics we are asked about most often regarding binary trading online. Hopefully these short paragraphs can provide an answer — but if not, there are a number of links to more in-depth articles that explain each subject area. Put and Call options are simply the terms given to buying or selling an option. If a trader believes an asset will go up in value, they open a call.

If they expect the value to fall, they place a put trade. Some binary trading brokers change their trading buttons every couple of seconds, from Call and Put, to Down and Up to avoid confusion.

Others dispense with the terms put and call entirely, using arrows instead. Icons are always clear so mistakes are not made. This percentage is made clear before the trade is made. Other than being higher or lower than the starting price, the closing price does not affect the magnitude of the payout. As binary trading becomes more sophisticated, the amount that can be won is evolving too.

Some brokers now offer trades that do depend on the size of any price movement. It depends entirely on the attitude of the trader. If a trader applies no strategy or research, then any investment is likely to be reliant on good fortune, and the odds are against them. On the other hand, a trader making a well thought out trade can ensure they have done all they can to avoid relying on luck.

Binary options, even those considered longer term, do not incur overnight charges, or rollover fees. Many brokers have developed Islamic trading accounts which adhere to Muslim guidance offering immediate execution of trades, and charging no interest. But traders need to tread carefully before deciding if trading binary options is legal, halal or haram. The answer may not be clear.

A trader might use binaries with no planning, or strategy — effectively betting or using them to gamble. This would be banned for most Muslims. if concatenating str objects, you can build a list and use str. join at the end or else write to an io. StringIO instance and retrieve its value when complete.

if concatenating bytes objects, you can similarly use bytes. join or io. BytesIO , or you can do in-place concatenation with a bytearray object. bytearray objects are mutable and have an efficient overallocation mechanism. if concatenating tuple objects, extend a list instead. index raises ValueError when x is not found in s. Not all implementations support passing the additional arguments i and j. These arguments allow efficient searching of subsections of the sequence. Passing the extra arguments is roughly equivalent to using s[i:j].

index x , only without copying any data and with the returned index being relative to the start of the sequence rather than the start of the slice. The only operation that immutable sequence types generally implement that is not also implemented by mutable sequence types is support for the hash built-in.

This support allows immutable sequences, such as tuple instances, to be used as dict keys and stored in set and frozenset instances. Attempting to hash an immutable sequence that contains unhashable values will result in TypeError. The operations in the following table are defined on mutable sequence types. MutableSequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types.

slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t. del s[i:j]. the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t. del s[i:j:k]. removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list. removes all items from s same as del s[:]. creates a shallow copy of s same as s[:]. insert i, x. pop or s. pop i. remove the first item from s where s[i] is equal to x. The optional argument i defaults to -1 , so that by default the last item is removed and returned. remove raises ValueError when x is not found in s.

The reverse method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the reversed sequence.

copy is not part of the collections. MutableSequence ABC, but most concrete mutable sequence classes provide it. New in version 3. Zero and negative values of n clear the sequence. Lists are mutable sequences, typically used to store collections of homogeneous items where the precise degree of similarity will vary by application.

Using a pair of square brackets to denote the empty list: []. Using square brackets, separating items with commas: [a] , [a, b, c]. Using a list comprehension: [x for x in iterable]. Using the type constructor: list or list iterable. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object.

If iterable is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to iterable[:]. For example, list 'abc' returns ['a', 'b', 'c'] and list 1, 2, 3 returns [1, 2, 3]. If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list, []. Many other operations also produce lists, including the sorted built-in. Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence operations. Lists also provide the following additional method:. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any comparison operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail and the list will likely be left in a partially modified state.

sort accepts two arguments that can only be passed by keyword keyword-only arguments :. The key corresponding to each item in the list is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting process.

The default value of None means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value. The functools. x style cmp function to a key function. reverse is a boolean value. If set to True , then the list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed. This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when sorting a large sequence.

To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence use sorted to explicitly request a new sorted list instance. The sort method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes for example, sort by department, then by salary grade.

For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see Sorting HOW TO. CPython implementation detail: While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises ValueError if it can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort. Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store collections of heterogeneous data such as the 2-tuples produced by the enumerate built-in.

Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of homogeneous data is needed such as allowing storage in a set or dict instance. Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple:. Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: a, or a,. Separating items with commas: a, b, c or a, b, c. Using the tuple built-in: tuple or tuple iterable. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For example, tuple 'abc' returns 'a', 'b', 'c' and tuple [1, 2, 3] returns 1, 2, 3.

If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple,. Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not the parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the empty tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity.

For example, f a, b, c is a function call with three arguments, while f a, b, c is a function call with a 3-tuple as the sole argument. Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations. For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is clearer than access by index, collections. namedtuple may be a more appropriate choice than a simple tuple object. The range type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and is commonly used for looping a specific number of times in for loops.

If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to 1. If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to 0. If step is zero, ValueError is raised. A range object will be empty if r[0] does not meet the value constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices.

Ranges containing absolute values larger than sys. maxsize are permitted but some features such as len may raise OverflowError. Ranges implement all of the common sequence operations except concatenation and repetition due to the fact that range objects can only represent sequences that follow a strict pattern and repetition and concatenation will usually violate that pattern.

The value of the start parameter or 0 if the parameter was not supplied. The value of the step parameter or 1 if the parameter was not supplied. The advantage of the range type over a regular list or tuple is that a range object will always take the same small amount of memory, no matter the size of the range it represents as it only stores the start , stop and step values, calculating individual items and subranges as needed.

Range objects implement the collections. Sequence ABC, and provide features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and support for negative indices see Sequence Types — list, tuple, range :. That is, two range objects are considered equal if they represent the same sequence of values. Support slicing and negative indices. Test int objects for membership in constant time instead of iterating through all items.

The linspace recipe shows how to implement a lazy version of range suitable for floating point applications. Textual data in Python is handled with str objects, or strings.

Strings are immutable sequences of Unicode code points. String literals are written in a variety of ways:. Single quotes: 'allows embedded "double" quotes'. Double quotes: "allows embedded 'single' quotes". Triple quoted: '''Three single quotes''' , """Three double quotes""". Triple quoted strings may span multiple lines - all associated whitespace will be included in the string literal. String literals that are part of a single expression and have only whitespace between them will be implicitly converted to a single string literal.

Strings may also be created from other objects using the str constructor. There is also no mutable string type, but str. StringIO can be used to efficiently construct strings from multiple fragments. It has no effect on the meaning of string literals and cannot be combined with the r prefix. Return a string version of object. If object is not provided, returns the empty string. Otherwise, the behavior of str depends on whether encoding or errors is given, as follows.

If neither encoding nor errors is given, str object returns type object. For string objects, this is the string itself. If at least one of encoding or errors is given, object should be a bytes-like object e. bytes or bytearray. In this case, if object is a bytes or bytearray object, then str bytes, encoding, errors is equivalent to bytes.

decode encoding, errors. Otherwise, the bytes object underlying the buffer object is obtained before calling bytes. See Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview and Buffer Protocol for information on buffer objects.

Passing a bytes object to str without the encoding or errors arguments falls under the first case of returning the informal string representation see also the -b command-line option to Python. For example:. For more information on the str class and its methods, see Text Sequence Type — str and the String Methods section below. To output formatted strings, see the Formatted string literals and Format String Syntax sections.

In addition, see the Text Processing Services section. Strings implement all of the common sequence operations, along with the additional methods described below. Strings also support two styles of string formatting, one providing a large degree of flexibility and customization see str. format , Format String Syntax and Custom String Formatting and the other based on C printf style formatting that handles a narrower range of types and is slightly harder to use correctly, but is often faster for the cases it can handle printf-style String Formatting.

The Text Processing Services section of the standard library covers a number of other modules that provide various text related utilities including regular expression support in the re module.

This means that characters like digraphs will only have their first letter capitalized, instead of the full character. Casefolding is similar to lowercasing but more aggressive because it is intended to remove all case distinctions in a string. For example, the German lowercase letter 'ß' is equivalent to "ss".

Since it is already lowercase, lower would do nothing to 'ß' ; casefold converts it to "ss". Return centered in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillchar default is an ASCII space. The original string is returned if width is less than or equal to len s. Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in the range [ start , end ]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. If sub is empty, returns the number of empty strings between characters which is the length of the string plus one.

Return an encoded version of the string as a bytes object. Default encoding is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default for errors is 'strict' , meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' , 'replace' , 'xmlcharrefreplace' , 'backslashreplace' and any other name registered via codecs.

For a list of possible encodings, see section Standard Encodings. By default, the errors argument is not checked for best performances, but only used at the first encoding error. Enable the Python Development Mode , or use a debug build to check errors. Return True if the string ends with the specified suffix , otherwise return False.

suffix can also be a tuple of suffixes to look for. With optional start , test beginning at that position. With optional end , stop comparing at that position.

Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are replaced by one or more spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size. Tab positions occur every tabsize characters default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on. To expand the string, the current column is set to zero and the string is examined character by character. The tab character itself is not copied.

Any other character is copied unchanged and the current column is incremented by one regardless of how the character is represented when printed. Return the lowest index in the string where substring sub is found within the slice s[start:end].

Return -1 if sub is not found. The find method should be used only if you need to know the position of sub. To check if sub is a substring or not, use the in operator:. Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this method is called can contain literal text or replacement fields delimited by braces {}. Each replacement field contains either the numeric index of a positional argument, or the name of a keyword argument.

Returns a copy of the string where each replacement field is replaced with the string value of the corresponding argument. See Format String Syntax for a description of the various formatting options that can be specified in format strings. When formatting a number int , float , complex , decimal. Decimal and subclasses with the n type ex: '{:n}'. This temporary change affects other threads.

Similar to str. This is useful if for example mapping is a dict subclass:. Like find , but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. Return True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there is at least one character, False otherwise. A character c is alphanumeric if one of the following returns True : c.

isalpha , c. isdecimal , c. isdigit , or c. Return True if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there is at least one character, False otherwise. Return True if the string is empty or all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise. Return True if all characters in the string are decimal characters and there is at least one character, False otherwise.

Decimal characters are those that can be used to form numbers in base 10, e. Return True if all characters in the string are digits and there is at least one character, False otherwise. Digits include decimal characters and digits that need special handling, such as the compatibility superscript digits. This covers digits which cannot be used to form numbers in base 10, like the Kharosthi numbers. Return True if the string is a valid identifier according to the language definition, section Identifiers and keywords.

Call keyword. iskeyword to test whether string s is a reserved identifier, such as def and class. Return True if all cased characters 4 in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character, False otherwise.

Return True if all characters in the string are numeric characters, and there is at least one character, False otherwise.

Numeric characters include digit characters, and all characters that have the Unicode numeric value property, e. Return True if all characters in the string are printable or the string is empty, False otherwise.

Note that printable characters in this context are those which should not be escaped when repr is invoked on a string. It has no bearing on the handling of strings written to sys. stdout or sys. Return True if there are only whitespace characters in the string and there is at least one character, False otherwise.

Return True if the string is a titlecased string and there is at least one character, for example uppercase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.

Return False otherwise. Return True if all cased characters 4 in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character, False otherwise. Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in iterable. A TypeError will be raised if there are any non-string values in iterable , including bytes objects. The separator between elements is the string providing this method. Return the string left justified in a string of length width.

Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters 4 converted to lowercase. Return a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The chars argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed. If omitted or None , the chars argument defaults to removing whitespace. The chars argument is not a prefix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped:. See str. removeprefix for a method that will remove a single prefix string rather than all of a set of characters.

This static method returns a translation table usable for str. If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode ordinals integers or characters strings of length 1 to Unicode ordinals, strings of arbitrary lengths or None.

Character keys will then be converted to ordinals. If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.

Split the string at the first occurrence of sep , and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing the string itself, followed by two empty strings.

If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len prefix :]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original string:. If the string ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty, return string[:-len suffix ].

Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.

Return the highest index in the string where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start:end]. Return -1 on failure. Like rfind but raises ValueError when the substring sub is not found. Return the string right justified in a string of length width.

Split the string at the last occurrence of sep , and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty strings, followed by the string itself. Return a list of the words in the string, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done, the rightmost ones. If sep is not specified or None , any whitespace string is a separator.

Except for splitting from the right, rsplit behaves like split which is described in detail below. Return a copy of the string with trailing characters removed. The chars argument is not a suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped:. removesuffix for a method that will remove a single suffix string rather than all of a set of characters.

If maxsplit is not specified or -1 , then there is no limit on the number of splits all possible splits are made. If sep is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together and are deemed to delimit empty strings for example, '1,,2'. split ',' returns ['1', '', '2']. Splitting an empty string with a specified separator returns [''].

If sep is not specified or is None , a different splitting algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are regarded as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings at the start or end if the string has leading or trailing whitespace.

Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string consisting of just whitespace with a None separator returns []. Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.

Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true. This method splits on the following line boundaries. In particular, the boundaries are a superset of universal newlines. Unlike split when a delimiter string sep is given, this method returns an empty list for the empty string, and a terminal line break does not result in an extra line:. Return True if string starts with the prefix , otherwise return False.

prefix can also be a tuple of prefixes to look for. With optional start , test string beginning at that position. With optional end , stop comparing string at that position. Return a copy of the string with the leading and trailing characters removed.

The chars argument is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations of its values are stripped:. The outermost leading and trailing chars argument values are stripped from the string. Characters are removed from the leading end until reaching a string character that is not contained in the set of characters in chars.

A similar action takes place on the trailing end. Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa. Note that it is not necessarily true that s. Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.

The algorithm uses a simple language-independent definition of a word as groups of consecutive letters. The definition works in many contexts but it means that apostrophes in contractions and possessives form word boundaries, which may not be the desired result:. The string. capwords function does not have this problem, as it splits words on spaces only. Return a copy of the string in which each character has been mapped through the given translation table. When indexed by a Unicode ordinal an integer , the table object can do any of the following: return a Unicode ordinal or a string, to map the character to one or more other characters; return None , to delete the character from the return string; or raise a LookupError exception, to map the character to itself.

You can use str. maketrans to create a translation map from character-to-character mappings in different formats.

See also the codecs module for a more flexible approach to custom character mappings. Return a copy of the string with all the cased characters 4 converted to uppercase. Note that s. Return a copy of the string left filled with ASCII '0' digits to make a string of length width. The formatting operations described here exhibit a variety of quirks that lead to a number of common errors such as failing to display tuples and dictionaries correctly.

Using the newer formatted string literals , the str. format interface, or template strings may help avoid these errors. This is also known as the string formatting or interpolation operator.

The effect is similar to using the sprintf in the C language. If format requires a single argument, values may be a single non-tuple object. A conversion specifier contains two or more characters and has the following components, which must occur in this order:. Mapping key optional , consisting of a parenthesised sequence of characters for example, somename.

Minimum field width optional. Precision optional , given as a '. The mapping key selects the value to be formatted from the mapping.

The converted value is left adjusted overrides the '0' conversion if both are given. a space A blank should be left before a positive number or empty string produced by a signed conversion. A length modifier h , l , or L may be present, but is ignored as it is not necessary for Python — so e. Obsolete type — it is identical to 'd'. Floating point format.

Uses lowercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise. Uses uppercase exponential format if exponent is less than -4 or not less than precision, decimal format otherwise. String converts any Python object using repr. String converts any Python object using str. String converts any Python object using ascii. The alternate form causes a leading octal specifier '0o' to be inserted before the first digit.

The alternate form causes a leading '0x' or '0X' depending on whether the 'x' or 'X' format was used to be inserted before the first digit.

The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it. The alternate form causes the result to always contain a decimal point, and trailing zeroes are not removed as they would otherwise be. The precision determines the number of significant digits before and after the decimal point and defaults to 6. If precision is N , the output is truncated to N characters. See PEP The core built-in types for manipulating binary data are bytes and bytearray.

They are supported by memoryview which uses the buffer protocol to access the memory of other binary objects without needing to make a copy. The array module supports efficient storage of basic data types like bit integers and IEEE double-precision floating values. Bytes objects are immutable sequences of single bytes. Since many major binary protocols are based on the ASCII text encoding, bytes objects offer several methods that are only valid when working with ASCII compatible data and are closely related to string objects in a variety of other ways.

Firstly, the syntax for bytes literals is largely the same as that for string literals, except that a b prefix is added:. Single quotes: b'still allows embedded "double" quotes'. Double quotes: b"still allows embedded 'single' quotes". Triple quoted: b'''3 single quotes''' , b"""3 double quotes""". Only ASCII characters are permitted in bytes literals regardless of the declared source code encoding.

Any binary values over must be entered into bytes literals using the appropriate escape sequence. As with string literals, bytes literals may also use a r prefix to disable processing of escape sequences. See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of bytes literal, including supported escape sequences.

This is done deliberately to emphasise that while many binary formats include ASCII based elements and can be usefully manipulated with some text-oriented algorithms, this is not generally the case for arbitrary binary data blindly applying text processing algorithms to binary data formats that are not ASCII compatible will usually lead to data corruption.

A zero-filled bytes object of a specified length: bytes From an iterable of integers: bytes range Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol: bytes obj. Also see the bytes built-in. Since 2 hexadecimal digits correspond precisely to a single byte, hexadecimal numbers are a commonly used format for describing binary data. Accordingly, the bytes type has an additional class method to read data in that format:.

This bytes class method returns a bytes object, decoding the given string object. The string must contain two hexadecimal digits per byte, with ASCII whitespace being ignored. fromhex now skips all ASCII whitespace in the string, not just spaces. A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytes object into its hexadecimal representation.

If you want to make the hex string easier to read, you can specify a single character separator sep parameter to include in the output. By default, this separator will be included between each byte. Positive values calculate the separator position from the right, negative values from the left.

Since bytes objects are sequences of integers akin to a tuple , for a bytes object b , b[0] will be an integer, while b[] will be a bytes object of length 1. This contrasts with text strings, where both indexing and slicing will produce a string of length 1.

The representation of bytes objects uses the literal format b' bytes [46, 46, 46]. You can always convert a bytes object into a list of integers using list b. bytearray objects are a mutable counterpart to bytes objects. There is no dedicated literal syntax for bytearray objects, instead they are always created by calling the constructor:. Creating an empty instance: bytearray. Creating a zero-filled instance with a given length: bytearray From an iterable of integers: bytearray range Copying existing binary data via the buffer protocol: bytearray b'Hi!

As bytearray objects are mutable, they support the mutable sequence operations in addition to the common bytes and bytearray operations described in Bytes and Bytearray Operations. Also see the bytearray built-in.

Accordingly, the bytearray type has an additional class method to read data in that format:. This bytearray class method returns bytearray object, decoding the given string object. A reverse conversion function exists to transform a bytearray object into its hexadecimal representation. hex , bytearray. Since bytearray objects are sequences of integers akin to a list , for a bytearray object b , b[0] will be an integer, while b[] will be a bytearray object of length 1.

The representation of bytearray objects uses the bytes literal format bytearray b' bytearray [46, 46, 46]. You can always convert a bytearray object into a list of integers using list b. Both bytes and bytearray objects support the common sequence operations.

They interoperate not just with operands of the same type, but with any bytes-like object. Due to this flexibility, they can be freely mixed in operations without causing errors. However, the return type of the result may depend on the order of operands. For example, you have to write:. Some bytes and bytearray operations assume the use of ASCII compatible binary formats, and hence should be avoided when working with arbitrary binary data.

These restrictions are covered below. Using these ASCII based operations to manipulate binary data that is not stored in an ASCII based format may lead to data corruption. Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of subsequence sub in the range [ start , end ]. The subsequence to search for may be any bytes-like object or an integer in the range 0 to If sub is empty, returns the number of empty slices between characters which is the length of the bytes object plus one.

If the binary data starts with the prefix string, return bytes[len prefix :]. Otherwise, return a copy of the original binary data:.

The prefix may be any bytes-like object. The bytearray version of this method does not operate in place - it always produces a new object, even if no changes were made.

If the binary data ends with the suffix string and that suffix is not empty, return bytes[:-len suffix ]. The suffix may be any bytes-like object. Return a string decoded from the given bytes.

Other possible values are 'ignore' , 'replace' and any other name registered via codecs. By default, the errors argument is not checked for best performances, but only used at the first decoding error. Passing the encoding argument to str allows decoding any bytes-like object directly, without needing to make a temporary bytes or bytearray object. Return True if the binary data ends with the specified suffix , otherwise return False.

The suffix es to search for may be any bytes-like object. Return the lowest index in the data where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained in the slice s[start:end]. Like find , but raise ValueError when the subsequence is not found. Return a bytes or bytearray object which is the concatenation of the binary data sequences in iterable.

A TypeError will be raised if there are any values in iterable that are not bytes-like objects , including str objects. The separator between elements is the contents of the bytes or bytearray object providing this method. This static method returns a translation table usable for bytes. translate that will map each character in from into the character at the same position in to ; from and to must both be bytes-like objects and have the same length.

Split the sequence at the first occurrence of sep , and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself or its bytearray copy, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing a copy of the original sequence, followed by two empty bytes or bytearray objects. The separator to search for may be any bytes-like object.

Return a copy of the sequence with all occurrences of subsequence old replaced by new. The subsequence to search for and its replacement may be any bytes-like object. Return the highest index in the sequence where the subsequence sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start:end].

Like rfind but raises ValueError when the subsequence sub is not found. Split the sequence at the last occurrence of sep , and return a 3-tuple containing the part before the separator, the separator itself or its bytearray copy, and the part after the separator.

If the separator is not found, return a 3-tuple containing two empty bytes or bytearray objects, followed by a copy of the original sequence. Return True if the binary data starts with the specified prefix , otherwise return False. The prefix es to search for may be any bytes-like object. Return a copy of the bytes or bytearray object where all bytes occurring in the optional argument delete are removed, and the remaining bytes have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a bytes object of length You can use the bytes.

maketrans method to create a translation table. Set the table argument to None for translations that only delete characters:.

The following methods on bytes and bytearray objects have default behaviours that assume the use of ASCII compatible binary formats, but can still be used with arbitrary binary data by passing appropriate arguments.

Note that all of the bytearray methods in this section do not operate in place, and instead produce new objects. Return a copy of the object centered in a sequence of length width. Padding is done using the specified fillbyte default is an ASCII space. For bytes objects, the original sequence is returned if width is less than or equal to len s. Return a copy of the object left justified in a sequence of length width. Return a copy of the sequence with specified leading bytes removed.

The chars argument is a binary sequence specifying the set of byte values to be removed - the name refers to the fact this method is usually used with ASCII characters.

If omitted or None , the chars argument defaults to removing ASCII whitespace. The binary sequence of byte values to remove may be any bytes-like object. See removeprefix for a method that will remove a single prefix string rather than all of a set of characters.

Return a copy of the object right justified in a sequence of length width. Split the binary sequence into subsequences of the same type, using sep as the delimiter string. If sep is not specified or None , any subsequence consisting solely of ASCII whitespace is a separator. Return a copy of the sequence with specified trailing bytes removed. See removesuffix for a method that will remove a single suffix string rather than all of a set of characters.

If maxsplit is not specified or is -1 , then there is no limit on the number of splits all possible splits are made. If sep is given, consecutive delimiters are not grouped together and are deemed to delimit empty subsequences for example, b'1,,2'. split b',' returns [b'1', b'', b'2']. Splitting an empty sequence with a specified separator returns [b''] or [bytearray b'' ] depending on the type of object being split.

The sep argument may be any bytes-like object. If sep is not specified or is None , a different splitting algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive ASCII whitespace are regarded as a single separator, and the result will contain no empty strings at the start or end if the sequence has leading or trailing whitespace. Consequently, splitting an empty sequence or a sequence consisting solely of ASCII whitespace without a specified separator returns [].

Return a copy of the sequence with specified leading and trailing bytes removed. The following methods on bytes and bytearray objects assume the use of ASCII compatible binary formats and should not be applied to arbitrary binary data.

Return a copy of the sequence with each byte interpreted as an ASCII character, and the first byte capitalized and the rest lowercased. Non-ASCII byte values are passed through unchanged. Return a copy of the sequence where all ASCII tab characters are replaced by one or more ASCII spaces, depending on the current column and the given tab size.

Tab positions occur every tabsize bytes default is 8, giving tab positions at columns 0, 8, 16 and so on. To expand the sequence, the current column is set to zero and the sequence is examined byte by byte. Any other byte value is copied unchanged and the current column is incremented by one regardless of how the byte value is represented when printed:.

Return True if all bytes in the sequence are alphabetical ASCII characters or ASCII decimal digits and the sequence is not empty, False otherwise. ASCII decimal digits are those byte values in the sequence b''. Return True if all bytes in the sequence are alphabetic ASCII characters and the sequence is not empty, False otherwise. Return True if the sequence is empty or all bytes in the sequence are ASCII, False otherwise. ASCII bytes are in the range x7F.

Return True if all bytes in the sequence are ASCII decimal digits and the sequence is not empty, False otherwise. Return True if there is at least one lowercase ASCII character in the sequence and no uppercase ASCII characters, False otherwise. Lowercase ASCII characters are those byte values in the sequence b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'.

Return True if all bytes in the sequence are ASCII whitespace and the sequence is not empty, False otherwise. Return True if the sequence is ASCII titlecase and the sequence is not empty, False otherwise. See bytes. Return True if there is at least one uppercase alphabetic ASCII character in the sequence and no lowercase ASCII characters, False otherwise.

Return a copy of the sequence with all the uppercase ASCII characters converted to their corresponding lowercase counterpart. Return a list of the lines in the binary sequence, breaking at ASCII line boundaries. This method uses the universal newlines approach to splitting lines. Return a copy of the sequence with all the lowercase ASCII characters converted to their corresponding uppercase counterpart and vice-versa.

Unlike str. swapcase , it is always the case that bin. Case conversions are symmetrical in ASCII, even though that is not generally true for arbitrary Unicode code points. Return a titlecased version of the binary sequence where words start with an uppercase ASCII character and the remaining characters are lowercase. Uncased byte values are left unmodified.

All other byte values are uncased. Return a copy of the sequence with all the lowercase ASCII characters converted to their corresponding uppercase counterpart. Return a copy of the sequence left filled with ASCII b'0' digits to make a sequence of length width. For bytes objects, the original sequence is returned if width is less than or equal to len seq. If the value being printed may be a tuple or dictionary, wrap it in a tuple.

This is also known as the bytes formatting or interpolation operator. Bytes converts any Python object using repr obj. encode 'ascii', 'backslashreplace'. x series. memoryview objects allow Python code to access the internal data of an object that supports the buffer protocol without copying.

Create a memoryview that references object. object must support the buffer protocol. Built-in objects that support the buffer protocol include bytes and bytearray. A memoryview has the notion of an element , which is the atomic memory unit handled by the originating object.

For many simple types such as bytes and bytearray , an element is a single byte, but other types such as array. array may have bigger elements. len view is equal to the length of tolist. If view. For higher dimensions, the length is equal to the length of the nested list representation of the view.

The itemsize attribute will give you the number of bytes in a single element. A memoryview supports slicing and indexing to expose its data. One-dimensional slicing will result in a subview:. If format is one of the native format specifiers from the struct module, indexing with an integer or a tuple of integers is also supported and returns a single element with the correct type. One-dimensional memoryviews can be indexed with an integer or a one-integer tuple.

Multi-dimensional memoryviews can be indexed with tuples of exactly ndim integers where ndim is the number of dimensions. Zero-dimensional memoryviews can be indexed with the empty tuple. If the underlying object is writable, the memoryview supports one-dimensional slice assignment. Resizing is not allowed:. tobytes :. memoryview has several methods:. For the subset of struct format strings currently supported by tolist , v and w are equal if v.

tolist :. If either format string is not supported by the struct module, then the objects will always compare as unequal even if the format strings and buffer contents are identical :. Return the data in the buffer as a bytestring. This is equivalent to calling the bytes constructor on the memoryview.

For non-contiguous arrays the result is equal to the flattened list representation with all elements converted to bytes. tobytes supports all format strings, including those that are not in struct module syntax. In particular, in-memory Fortran order is preserved. For non-contiguous views, the data is converted to C first. hex , memoryview. Return a readonly version of the memoryview object. The original memoryview object is unchanged. Release the underlying buffer exposed by the memoryview object.

Many objects take special actions when a view is held on them for example, a bytearray would temporarily forbid resizing ; therefore, calling release is handy to remove these restrictions and free any dangling resources as soon as possible.

After this method has been called, any further operation on the view raises a ValueError except release itself which can be called multiple times :. The context management protocol can be used for a similar effect, using the with statement:.

Cast a memoryview to a new format or shape. The return value is a new memoryview, but the buffer itself is not copied. The destination format is restricted to a single element native format in struct syntax. The byte length of the result must be the same as the original length. This is the amount of space in bytes that the array would use in a contiguous representation. It is not necessarily equal to len m :. A string containing the format in struct module style for each element in the view.

A memoryview can be created from exporters with arbitrary format strings, but some methods e. tolist are restricted to native single element formats. A tuple of integers the length of ndim giving the shape of the memory as an N-dimensional array. A tuple of integers the length of ndim giving the size in bytes to access each element for each dimension of the array. A bool indicating whether the memory is C- contiguous. A bool indicating whether the memory is Fortran contiguous.

Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. These classifications are typically based on a person's gender identity.

In some countries, such classifications may only be available to intersex people, born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies. In recent years, some societies have begun to legally recognize non-binary , genderqueer , or third gender identities.

Among western nations, Australia may have been the first to recognize a third classification, with Alex MacFarlane , who is intersex, receiving a passport with sex marked as indeterminate in Transgender advocate Norrie May-Welby was recognized as having unspecified status in The Open Society Foundations published a report, License to Be Yourself , in May , documenting "some of the world's most progressive and rights-based laws and policies that enable trans people to change their gender identity on official documents.

The document also quotes Mauro Cabral of Global Action for Trans Equality :. People tend to identify a third sex with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. The report concludes that two or three options are insufficient: "A more inclusive approach would be to increase options for people to self-define their sex and gender identity.

Like all individuals, some intersex individuals may be raised as a particular sex male or female but then identify with another later in life, while most do not. According to the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, few countries have provided for the legal recognition of intersex people.

The Asia Pacific Forum states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female; secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate; and thirdly, while opt in schemes may help some individuals, legal recognition is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population.

In March , an Australian and New Zealand community statement called for an end to legal classification of sex, stating that legal third classifications, like binary classifications, were based on structural violence and failed to respect diversity and a "right to self-determination".

It also called for the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions. In and under then president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , Argentina passed its Gender Identity Law Spanish : Ley de identidad de género , which allows transgender people to identify with their chosen gender on official documents without first having to receive hormone therapy , gender reassignment surgery or psychiatric counseling.

In November , two non-binary people from Mendoza Province became the first to obtain an ID and birth certificate without indication of sex. Judge Myriam Cataldi ruled that the Gender Identity Law applied to Bertolini's case, citing the law's definition of "gender identity" as: "the internal and individual experience of gender as each person feels it, which may or may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth, including the personal experience of the body.

The measure applies to non-citizen permanent residents who possess Argentine identity cards as well. After the decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court Bundesverfassungsgericht of 9 November , Austrian media report that a similar case is also pending at the Constitutional Court Verfassungsgerichtshof in Austria.

Two lower judicial instances already decided against the possibility of a "third gender". Each year at least 35 children in Austria are reported to be born with ambiguous sex characteristics. Surgical interventions on intersex children, to make them fit one of the binary sex characteristics, are criticized by Verein Intergeschlechtliche Menschen Österreich VIMÖ , an Austrian association fighting for the rights of intersex people. They demand that children should be free to decide on these matters when they are grown up.

Johannes Wahala, president of the Austrian Society For Sexologies and head of Beratungsstelle Courage advice center in Graz condemns these operations and wishes for the introduction of a third gender.

On 15 June , the Austrian Constitutional Court reached a decision, published in a news release on 29 June, that Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantees recognition of gender identity beyond the binary male or female, and that people with a variation in gender development other than male or female must be allowed to leave a gender entry empty and must be allowed to have a positive other entry implemented.

They also found that current law is not in contradiction to these requirements, and can be interpreted in a way that is conformant to the constitutional right of recognition of gender identity via Article 8 of the ECHR. The Court ruled that the national interests listed in Article 8. The Court indicate that administrative bodies may require proof of the adequacy of a change to an entry and the relation to a persons actual social life, and that Article 8.

They have not decided on a specific name a third gender option should have, but cite recommendations as "divers", "inter", "offen".

Options besides male and female are only available for intersex people, who are required to provide medical records to prove their sex. First reported in January , Australians can choose "X" as their gender or sex. Alex MacFarlane is believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker in Other individuals known to have similar early options include Tony Briffa of Organisation Intersex International Australia and former mayor of City of Hobsons Bay , Victoria , previously acknowledged as the world's first openly intersex public official and mayor.

Government policy between and was to issue passports with an 'X' marker to persons who could "present a birth certificate that notes their sex as indeterminate".

Birth or citizenship certificates do not need to be amended. Australian Commonwealth guidelines on the recognition of sex and gender, published in June , extended the use of an 'X' gender marker to any adult who chooses that option, in all dealings with the Commonwealth government and its agencies.

The option is being introduced over a three-year period. The guidelines also clarify that the federal government collects data on gender , rather than sex. Norrie May-Welby is popularly — but erroneously — often regarded as the first person in the world to obtain officially indeterminate, unspecified or "genderless" status. An alliance of organizations including the National LGBTI Health Alliance , Organisation Intersex International Australia and Transgender Victoria has called for X to be redefined as non-binary.

In April , Tasmania became the first state or territory in Australia to make sex or gender identifiers in birth certificates optional and providing for official definitions for 'sex' and 'gender' only 'sex' was defined before the reforms. Children born with ambiguous genitalia are given an additional 60 days to choose a sex for registration. The child's sex will be displayed on the birth certificate only if the parents choose to opt-in.

The same reforms also allowed persons over the age of 16 to change their gender identity on official documentation — without a sex reassignment surgery or hormone replacement therapy — by providing a gender declaration.

In June , the Constitutional Court of Belgium struck down certain parts of the country's transgender law. The proceedings against the law were initiated by LGBT rights organizations , who argued that the law still discriminated against people with a non-binary or genderfluid identity, because it still only allowed people to register as either "male" or "female". The Constitutional Court agreed with the action brought against the law, and found the contested provisions to be discriminatory and therefore unconstitutional.

Though the Court suggested a few ways in which to remedy the unconstitutional aspects, such as "the creation of one or more additional categories" or "the possibility to remove the registration of sex or gender as an element of a person's civil status ", it also stressed that the responsibility to remediate the law's shortcomings remained with the legislature. The De Croo Government , Belgium's federal government which took office in October , announced plans to introduce the possibility to register under the gender identifier "X", in order to address the judgment of the Constitutional Court.

This was expressed by the new minister of Justice in the De Croo Government, Vincent Van Quickenborne , in November The law will be effective in There is no recognition of a third gender option nationwide, but since non-binary people have been getting court authorizations to register their sex as "unspecified", "non-identified" or "non-binary" in the civil registry and since , for purposes of filling out the identity card, the sex field must follow the ICAO standard, with 1 character, M, F or X.

While requesting a new passport , Brazilians are able to select an unspecified sex, however it is not known since when there's this option. Since 12 September , by decision of the National Justice Council , notaries must register intersex children with the sex ignored on birth certificates. The state of Rio de Janeiro , thanks to the work of the State Public Defender's Office, has been allowing non-binary people to register their birth certificates and identity cards with the "non-binary" gender in gender-neutral language.

On April 22, , Rio Grande do Sul Justice assured non-binary people to change their first name and sex in their birth record, according to their self-perceived identity, regardless of judicial authorization, allowing include the expression "non-binary" in the sex field upon a request made by the interested party to a notary's office. In June , the government of the province of Ontario announced changes to the way gender will be displayed on health cards and driver's licenses. Starting June 13, the Ontario health card no longer displays a sex designation.

In early , Ontario drivers will have the option to display "X" as a gender identifier on their driver's licenses. In April , a baby born in British Columbia , Searyl Atli Doty, became the first in the world known to be issued a health card with a gender-neutral "U" sex marker. The parent, Kori Doty, who is non-binary transgender , wanted to give the child the opportunity to discover their own gender identity. In July , the Northwest Territories began allowing "X" as a non-binary option on birth certificates.

On August 31, , the federal government began allowing an observation to be added to passports requesting that the holder's gender should be read as "X", indicating that it is unspecified, though a gender of "M" or "F" had to be added as a gender for an undefined period to comply with legal requirements of other countries.

A ruling of the Third Family Court of Santiago, issued on April 25, , ordered the Civil Registry and Identification Service to register a year-old adolescent with non-binary gender on the birth certificate, being the first judicial resolution of its kind in the country. In July , the Thirteenth Chamber of the Santiago Court of Appeals had ruled in favor of the request to rectify the birth certificate to recognize non-binary gender identity.

In February , the Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that a non-binary person was entitled to a birth certificate from the Ninth Notary of Medellín and citizen's identity card from the National Civil Registry with the marker "no binario" or "NB" in the sex field on both. The court also ordered the Colombian government to facilitate the inclusion of such a marker on identity documents and ordered the Congress to amend laws as needed to facilitate legal recognition of non-binary individuals' rights.

According to comment by Transgender Europe, Danish citizens including Greenlandic- and Faroese nationals have been issued passport with option 'X' upon application, without medical requirements.

Accordingly, legal gender remains binary in Denmark including Greenland and the Faroe Islands and only transsexual people without a legal gender change can obtain an X marker in their passport.

Germany is thought to be the first European country that recognizes "indeterminate" sex on birth certificates, which is materialized by the absence of any gender marker, from November A report by the German Ethics Council stated that the law was passed because "Many people who were subjected to a 'normalizing' operation in their childhood have later felt it to have been a mutilation and would never have agreed to it as adults. The court held at the same time that even an adult intersex person who was registered with a gender marker at birth can obtain the deletion of that gender marker.

This judgment was sent for review by the Federal Court of Justice. On 8 November , the Federal Constitutional Court released a press statement about its ruling from 10 October , which is in favour of a positive third gender option instead of no entry. In case of a change later in life, first names can also be changed. In the meantime, an appeals court had held that a nonbinary status must also be open to non-intersex non-binary people; the adopted act does not address this category of people and their situation therefore first remained unclear pending additional case-law.

In June , the Icelandic Parliament voted 45—0 on a bill to implement a progressive "self-determination gender change model law", similar to numerous European and South American countries. The bill includes a third gender option known as "X" on official documents. The Hijra of India are probably the most well known and populous third sex type in the modern world — Mumbai -based community health organization The Humsafar Trust estimates there are between 5 and 6 million hijras in India.

Often somewhat misleadingly called eunuchs in English, they may be born intersex or apparently male , dress in feminine clothes and generally see themselves as neither men nor women. Only eight percent of hijras visiting Humsafar clinics are nirwaan castrated. Indian photographer Dayanita Singh writes about her friendship with a Hijra, Mona Ahmed, and their two different societies' beliefs about gender: "When I once asked her if she would like to go to Singapore for a sex change operation , she told me, 'You really do not understand.

I am the third sex, not a man trying to be a woman. It is your society's problem that you only recognize two sexes.

In November , India agreed to list eunuchs and transgender people as "others", distinct from males and females, in voting rolls and voter identity cards.

In addition to the feminine role of hijras, which is widespread across the subcontinent, a few occurrences of institutionalized "female masculinity" have been noted in modern India. Among the Gaddhi in the foothills of the Himalayas, some girls adopt a role as a sadhin , renouncing marriage, and dressing and working as men, but retaining female names and pronouns.

In April , Justice KS Radhakrishnan, of Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be the third gender in Indian law, in a case brought by the National Legal Services Authority Nalsa against Union of India and others. Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex.

Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres, hospitals, they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.

Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education.

In May , Leonne Zeegers was the first Dutch citizen to receive the "X" marked gender on the passport instead of "male" or "female" see photo of the person's passport here.

Leonne, then 57, was born intersex and raised male, before having gender reassignment surgery and become female, but still identifies as an intersex person. Leonne won a court case which meant that preventing someone from registering officially as gender neutral is a "violation of private life, self-determination and personal autonomy". It will, however, still be the decision of the court on whether the "X" will be issued on anyone's passport in the future.

The ruling opened doors for Dutch LGBT groups to ask the government for anyone to be able to identify as gender neutral in the future. More recent material indicates that this third option is not available to intersex persons. Birth certificates are available at birth showing "indeterminate" sex if it is not possible to assign a sex.

doi : This allows changes to be made to the current decimal context in the body of the with statement without affecting code outside the with statement. They are prepared to let new traders see it, and try it out, risk free. On July 30, , the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation announced that they would introduce an official process to request an X gender designation on state driver's licenses in stdout or sys. Incorrect forecast.

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